Percurso elaborado por: Luísa Cruz Lobato (PUC-Rio)*
O Percurso abaixo foi construído a partir de um conjunto de rotas introdutórias, que convergem para a composição de uma “política” (talvez de políticas) das tecnologias digitais. As diferentes rotas foram elaboradas a partir de textos de diversas áreas do conhecimento (Direito, Filosofia, Arte, Design, Sociologia, Ciências da Computação, Estudos de Mídia e Relações Internacionais), intencionalmente reproduzindo uma característica marcante das tecnologias digitais contemporâneas: a incapacidade de sua contenção por uma única narrativa ou área do conhecimento. Com isso, reflete seu caráter errante nas Relações Internacionais.
Rota 1: Algoritmos
AMOORE, Louise, Cloud Ethics: Algorithms and the Attributes of Ourselves and Others. Durham: Duke University Press, 2020.
ARADAU, Claudia; BLANKE, Tobias. Governing Others: Anomaly and the Algorithmic Subject of Security. European Journal of International Security, v. 3, n. 1, p. 1-21, 2018. Disponível em: https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/governing-others(8bbbcc59-b72a-4983-adcc-c0b82f4e9874).html. Acesso em: 23de abril de 2021.
BELLANOVA, Rocco; IRION, Kristina; LINDSCKOV JACOBSEN, Katja; RAGAZZI, Francesco; SAUGMANN, Rune; SUCHMAN, Lucy. Towards a critique of algorithmic violence. International Political Sociology, v. 15, n. 1, p. 121-150, 2021. Disponível em: https://academic.oup.com/ips/article/15/1/121/6170592. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021. Acesso em: 243de abril de 2021.
BELLANOVA, Rocco; DE GOEDE, Marieke. The Algorithmic Regulation of Security: An Infrastructural Perspective. Regulation & Governance, 2020. Disponível em: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rego.12338. Acesso em: 243de abril de 2021.
BUCHER, Taina. If…Then: Algorithmic Power and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
BURREL, Jenna. How the Machine “Thinks”: Understanding Opacity in Machine Learning Algorithms. Big Data & Society, v. 3, n. 1, 2016. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715622512. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
DONEDA, Danilo; ALMEIDA, Virgilio A.F. What Is Algorithm Governance? IEEE Internet Computing, v. 20, n. 4, p.60-63, 2016.
FINN, Ed. What Algorithms Want: Imagination in the Age of Computing. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2017.
JUST, Natascha; LATZER, Michael. Governance by Algorithms: Reality Construction by Algorithmic Selection on the Internet. Media, Culture & Society, v.39, n.2, p.238-258, 2017.
Rota 2: Design, arte e estética
ANDERSEN, Christian Ulrik; POLD, Søren. The Metainterface: The Art of Platforms, Cities, and Clouds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018.
DAVIS, Jenny L. How Artifacts Afford: The Power and Politics of Everyday Things. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020.
DELLA RATTA, Donatella. Shooting a Revolution: Visual Media and Warfare in Syria Digital Barricades. Londres: Pluto Press, 2018.
DOURISH, Paul. Where the Action Is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.
Rota 3: Ambivalência da tecnologia nas RI
ANSORGE, Joseph T. Identify and Sort: How Digital Power Changed World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
BARGUÉS-PEDRENY, Pol; CHANDLER, David; SIMON, Elena (eds). Mapping and Politics in the Digital Age. Nova York: Routledge, 2019.
KAUFMANN, Mareile; JEANDESBOZ, Julien. Politics and “the Digital”: From Singularity to Specificity’. European Journal of Social Theory, v. 20, n. 3, p. 309-28, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431016677976. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
MAYER, Maximilian; CARPES, Mariana; KNOBLICH Ruth (eds). The Global Politics of Science and Technology, Vol. 1. Berlim: Springer, 2014.
MCCARTHY, Daniel R. Power, Information Technology, and International Relations Theory: The Power and Politics of US Foreign Policy and the Internet. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
NYE, Joseph S. Power in the Global Information Age: From Realism to Globalization. Nova York: Routledge, 2004.
ROSENAU, James N.; SINGH, J.P. Information Technologies and Global Politics: The Changing Scope of Power and Governance. Albany: SUNY Press, 2002.
Rota 4: Diálogos/Encontros interdisciplinares
BELLANOVA, Rocco; LINDSKOV JACOBSEN, Katja; MONSEES, Linda (eds.). Taking the Trouble: Science, Technology and Security Studies. Critical Studies on Security, v. 8, n. 2, p. 87-100, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21624887.2020.1839852. Acessso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
EVANS, Sam Weiss; LEESE, Matthias; RYCHNOVSKÁ, Dagmar. Science, Technology, Security: Towards Critical Collaboration. Social Studies of Science, 2020. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0306312720953515. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
Rota 5: Automação ou Heteromação?
EKBIA, Hamid; NARDI, Bonnie. Heteromation and Its (Dis) Contents: The Invisible Division of Labor between Humans and Machines. First Monday, v. 19, n.6, 2014. Disponível em: https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/5331. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
GAETA, Paola. Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Alleged Responsibility Gap. In: International Committee of the Red Cross (ed.). Autonomous Weapon Systems: Implications of Increasing Autonomy in the Critical Functions of Weapons. Versoix, Suíça: IRCC, 2016.
LEANDER, Anna. Technological Agency in the Co-Constitution of Legal Expertise and the US Drone Program. Leiden Journal of International Law, v. 26, n. 4, p. 811–31, 2013.
Rota 6: Big data & data mining
HANSEN, Hans Krause; PORTER, Tony. What Do Big Data Do in Global Governance? Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, v. 23, n. 1, p. 31–42, 2017.
CHANDLER, David. A World without Causation: Big Data and the Coming of Age of Posthumanism. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, v. 43, n. 3, p. 833–51, 2015.
JOHNS, Fleur. Data Mining as Global Governance. In: BROWNSWORD, Roger; SCOTFORD, Eloise; YEUNG, Karen (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Law, Regulation and Technology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Disponível em: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2690047. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
KITCHIN, Rob. The Data Revolution: Big Data, Open Data, Data Infrastructures & Their Consequences. Londres: SAGE, 2014.
Rota 7: Humanitarismo digital
MEIER, Patrick. Digital Humanitarians: How Big Data Is Changing the Face of Humanitarian Response. New York: CRC Press, 2015.
GIVONI, Michal. Between Micro Mappers and Missing Maps: Digital Humanitarianism and the Politics of Material Participation in Disaster Response. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, v. 34, n.6, p. 1025–43, 2016.
DUFFIELD, Mark. The Resilience of the Ruins: Towards a Critique of Digital Humanitarianism. Resilience, v.4, n.3, p. 147–65, 2016. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21693293.2016.1153772. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
Rota 8: Vigilância
BROWNE, Simone. Dark Matters: On the Surveillance of Blackness. Durham: Duke University Press, 2015.
ARADAU, Claudia. Assembling (Non)Knowledge: Security, Law, and Surveillance in a Digital World. International Political Sociology, v. 11, n. 4, p. 327–342, 2017. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0967010618788996. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
FIRMINO, Rodrigo José; CARDOSO, Bruno de Vasconcelos. EVANGELISTA, Rafael. Hyperconnectivity and (Im)Mobility: Uber and Surveillance Capitalism by the Global South. Surveillance & Society, v. 17, n. 1/2, p, 205–12, 2019. Disponível em: https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/surveillance-and-society/article/view/12915. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
LYON, David. Surveillance Capitalism, Surveillance Culture and Data Politics. In: BIGO, Didier; ISIN, Engin; RUPPERT, Evelyn. Data Politics: Worlds, Subjects, Rights. Londres: Routledge, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9781315167305-4/surveillance-capitalism-surveillance-culture-data-politics-1-david-lyon. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
TANCZER, Leonie Maria; DEIBERT; Ronald J.; BIGO, Didier; FRANKLIN, M. I.; MELGAÇO, Lucas; LYON, David; KAZANSKY, Becky; MILAN, Stefania. Online Surveillance, Censorship, and Encryption in Academia. International Studies Perspectives, v. 21, n. 1, p. 1–36, 2020. Disponível em: https://academic.oup.com/isp/article/21/1/1/5584393. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
Rota 8.1: Opressão e discriminação
AMRUTE, Sareeta. Bored techies being casually racist: Race as algorithm. Science, Technology and Human Values, v. 45, n. 5, p. 903-933, 2020, Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/eprint/VCJHPR6PFD9RT9BVFY8S/full. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
BENJAMIN, Ruha. Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code. Boston: Polity, 2019.
BUOLAMWINI, Joy; GEBRU, Timnit. Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. In: Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, FRIEDLER, Sorelle A.; WILSON, Christo (eds.), Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. Nova York,: PMLR, 2018, LXXXI, 77–91. Disponível: http://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a.html. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
NOBLE, Safiya Umoja. Algorithms of Oppression: Race, Gender and Power in the Digital Age. New York: NYU Press, 2018.
Rota 8.2: Policiamento preditivo
ARADAU, Claudia; BLANKE, Tobias. Politics of Prediction: Security and the Time/Space of Governmentality in the Age of Big Data. European Journal of Social Theory, v. 20, n. 3, p. 373–91, 2017.
EGBERT, Simon; LEESE, Matthias. Criminal futures: Predictive Policing and Everyday Police Work. Londres: Routledge, 2020.
KAUFMANN, Mareile; EGBERT, Simon; LEESE, Matthias. Predictive Policing and the Politics of Patterns. The British Journal of Criminology, v. 59, n. 3, p. 674–92, 2018. Disponível em: https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article/59/3/674/5233371?login=true. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
MACKENZIE, Adrian. The Production of Prediction: What Does Machine Learning Want? European Journal of Cultural Studies, v. 18, n. 4-5, p. 429–45, 2015.
Rota 9: Métodos
ARADAU, Claudia; BLANKE; GREENWAY, Giles. Acts of Digital Parasitism: Hacking, Humanitarian Apps and Platformisation. New Media & Society, v. 21, n. 11–12, p. 2548–65, 2019. Disponível em: https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/acts-of-digital-parasitism-hacking-humanitarian-apps-and-platformisation(8f63e172-9ff0-4432-b19b-6db7b927964b).html. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
DIETER, Michael; GERLITZ, Carolin; HELMOND, Anne; VAN DER VLIST, Nathaniel Fernando N.; WELTEVREDE, Esther. Multi-Situated App Studies: Methods and Propositions’. Social Media + Society, v. 5, n. 2, 2019. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119846486. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
SCHNEIKER, Andrea; DAU, Magnus; JOACHIM, Jutta; MARTIN, Marlen; LANGE, Henriette. How to Analyze Social Media? Assessing the Promise of Mixed-Methods Designs for Studying the Twitter Feeds of PMSCs. International Studies Perspectives, v. 20, n. 2, p. 188–200, 2019.
TANCZER, Leonie Maria; MCCONVILLE, Ryan; MAYNARD, Peter. Censorship and Surveillance in the Digital Age: The Technological Challenges for Academics. Journal of Global Security Studies, v. 1, n. 4, p. 346–355, 2016.
Rota 10: Subversões
AMRUTE, Sareeta; MURILLO, Luis Felipe R. Introduction: Computing in/from the South. Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience, v. 6, n. 1, p. 1–23, 2020. Disponível em: https://catalystjournal.org/index.php/catalyst/article/view/34594. Acesso em: 23 de abril de 2021.
HARDING, Sandra. The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011.
LAW, John. Introduction: monsters, machines and sociotechnical relation. In: LAW, John (ed.). A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology, and Domination. Sociological Review Monograph, 38. Londres: Routledge, 1991.
MEDINA, Eden; MARQUES, Ivan da Costa; HOLMES, Christina (eds.). Beyond Imported Magic: Essays on Science, Technology, and Society in Latin America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014.
SILVA, Tarcízio (org.). Comunidades, Algoritmos e Ativismos Digitais: Olhares Afrodiaspóricos. São Paulo: LiteraRUA, 2020.
* Sobre nossa colaboradora neste Percurso: Luísa Cruz Lobato é doutoranda em Relações Internacionais pelo IRI/PUC-Rio, com Mestrado pela mesma instituição (2016). Seus interesses de pesquisa incluem os seguintes tópicos: Estudos críticos de segurança; Sul global, gestão da violência e aplicativos; Governança e expertise na segurança global; Política digital: vigilância, governança da Internet e a política de algoritmos; Segurança cibernética; Atores privados e segurança comercial. Contato. Currículo Lattes.
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